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Greenland, Europe, and the Risk of a Trade War Michelle Schulz explains why tariff threats tied to Greenland could trigger EU retaliation—and what that means for U.S. companies. In an interview on KLIF Radio in Dallas–Fort Worth, Michelle Schulz, founder and managing partner of Schulz Trade Law, addressed escalating tensions between the United States and Europe following renewed tariff threats connected to Greenland. With the European Union openly discussing the use of its so-called “economic bazooka,” Michelle outlined how trade disputes are rapidly turning into geopolitical flashpoints—with serious consequences for U.S. businesses, exporters, and global trust. January 20, 2026 K LIF Radio Dallas/Fort Worth, TX How Greenland Sparked a New Trade Flashpoint The latest controversy stems from proposed U.S. tariffs—reportedly around 10%—on goods from several European countries following their opposition to U.S. control over Greenland. Michelle warned that this rhetoric has significantly escalated tensions. “Yes, I believe it certainly could [lead to a trade war]. We’re hearing from both sides—there’s a lot of tension.” According to Michelle, European officials view the proposed tariffs as punitive and coercive, prompting a coordinated response from EU leadership. “This latest round… has really upset the European Union, and we’re seeing officials coming together and trying to find a response.”  The EU’s ‘Economic Bazooka’ and Retaliation Risk European leaders have openly discussed deploying their Anti-Coercion Instrument—sometimes referred to as the EU’s economic bazooka—which could authorize retaliatory measures totaling more than $100 billion. “It could be devastating. This would increase tariffs substantially on some of our biggest companies.”  Michelle noted that retaliation would likely target emblematic U.S. industries and products. “Things like Boeing… bourbon—things that are typically U.S.—are going to be tariffed.”  Unlike traditional tariffs, the EU’s response could extend beyond goods to include services, making the potential impact broader and more severe. Why Europe Is Taking Such a Hard Line Michelle explained that European leaders see the Greenland issue as a matter of sovereignty and international law—not negotiation tactics. “There’s no doubt that Greenland is a sovereign nation… there’s no right for one country to take over another country.”  She emphasized that European institutions have framed the issue as a collective defense of international norms. “Whether it’s Ukraine, Greenland—anywhere—the European Union will stand together.”  This unified stance raises the likelihood of retaliation rather than compromise. The Longer-Term Cost: Lost Trust and Business Flight Beyond immediate tariffs, Michelle warned that the greatest damage may already be occurring behind the scenes. “We’ve already lost their trust. We’re seeing companies leaving the U.S., not wanting to do business with us.”  Even if tariff threats are later withdrawn, rebuilding credibility with European partners could take years—especially as companies seek more stable jurisdictions for long-term investment. What This Means for U.S. Businesses For importers, exporters, and multinational companies, the Greenland episode signals a new level of trade risk—where tariffs may be imposed rapidly, tied to political objectives, and met with coordinated international retaliation. Trade planning now requires not only legal compliance, but geopolitical awareness. As tariffs increasingly intersect with geopolitics and diplomatic pressure, businesses need proactive strategies —not reactive fixes. Schulz Trade Law helps companies assess exposure, prepare for retaliation risk, and navigate rapidly shifting trade policy with clarity and precision. Trade on, but trade informed! Subscribe  to Schulz Trade Law for more updates.

Europe, Retaliation, and the Supreme Court Why Tariff Uncertainty Isn’t Going Away Michelle Schulz explains why a Supreme Court ruling won’t end tariffs—and what escalating trade tensions mean for consumers. In an interview on WBAP Radio in Dallas–Fort Worth, Michelle Schulz, founder and managing partner of Schulz Trade Law, discussed the growing complexity of U.S. tariff policy as the Supreme Court weighs the president’s authority to impose global tariffs. With potential new tariffs on European goods and retaliatory measures already being discussed abroad, Michelle outlined why consumers and businesses should prepare for continued volatility—regardless of how the Court rules. January 19, 2026 Morning News WBAP Radio, Fort Worth, TX What the Supreme Court Is Deciding —and What It Isn’t At the center of the case before the Supreme Court of the United States are the so-called Liberation Day  tariffs—baseline tariffs applied broadly under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA). “The Supreme Court has only been asked to decide on… these tariffs that are under the Emergency Economic Powers Act.” Michelle emphasized that the Court is not  ruling on every tariff currently in place. Even if the IEEPA tariffs are struck down, many others will remain. “There are other tariffs, though, that may still apply… like the steel and aluminum tariffs or the ones specific to copper and furniture.” Why a Tariff Is Not Just ‘a Tariff’ While tariffs may seem interchangeable, Michelle explained that they are imposed under very different legal authorities—each with its own rules and vulnerabilities. “That’s what you would think, right? A tariff’s a tariff—but they’re using all these different mechanisms.” Some tariffs are justified under national security statutes, others under unfair trade practice laws, and still others—like the IEEPA tariffs—under emergency powers. This layered approach means that even a loss at the Supreme Court would not eliminate tariffs as a policy tool. “Even if the IEEPA tariffs are shot down, we still will see the administration using backup plans.”  Europe, Retaliation, and the Consumer Impact Michelle also addressed the administration’s recent suggestion of imposing new tariffs on European goods—potentially around 10%—and the likely response from the EU. “Now the President is talking about 10% on European products, which would impact everything from cars to luxury goods.” She warned that Europe is already signaling strong retaliation, escalating the risk of a broader trade conflict. “The Europeans are going to fire back with their own… really strong tariff measures.”  For consumers, this means higher prices—especially for imported vehicles, specialty goods, and products sold by small and mid-sized businesses that lack the margin to absorb rising costs. “Small to medium-sized businesses can’t sustain these high taxes on everything they bring into the country.”  What This Means Going Forward Michelle made clear that even a favorable Supreme Court ruling would not bring immediate relief. Refunds could take time, new tariffs may follow under different statutes, and global retaliation could further drive up prices. Tariff policy, she noted, has become faster, more fragmented, and more unpredictable than in the past. Trade policy is no longer driven by economics alone. As tariffs become entwined with geopolitics, executive authority, and unresolved legal challenges, businesses must stay vigilant. Schulz Trade Law helps importers and global companies assess risk, navigate sudden policy shifts, and prepare for rapid changes in the trade landscape. Trade on, but trade informed! Subscribe  to Schulz Trade Law for more updates.

Tariffs, Geopolitics, and Greenland When Trade Policy Becomes a Pressure Tool Michelle Schulz weighs in on tariff threats tied to national security claims—and what they signal for global trade. In a KNX Radio news segment out of Los Angeles, Michelle Schulz, founder and managing partner of Schulz Trade Law, commented on a surprising escalation in tariff rhetoric: the suggestion that the United States could impose tariffs on countries that resist U.S. demands related to Greenland. The remarks come amid continued uncertainty over the Supreme Court’s pending decision on the legality of the president’s global tariffs, highlighting how trade policy is increasingly entangled with geopolitics and executive power. January 12, 2026 KNX Radio Los Angeles, CA Tariffs as a Geopolitical Lever Schulz explained that the president’s comments immediately triggered a diplomatic fallout, prompting lawmakers to intervene to de-escalate tensions. “This statement really caused an uproar on both sides of the aisle.”  According to Michelle, a group of U.S. senators traveled to Copenhagen to calm the situation, but discussions fell short of a resolution. “They agreed to have a working group, but we are still very much at odds.” The episode underscores that tariffs are no longer framed solely as economic tools but are increasingly seen as instruments of foreign policy and leverage. National Security Claims and Legal Fragility The tariff threat was framed around national security, despite the U.S. already maintaining a military presence in Greenland. Michelle noted that this argument closely parallels the broader legal debate currently before the Supreme Court of the United States. “It continues to get pushed out, which makes some people think they may be more likely to rule in the President’s favor.”  However, Michelle cautioned against assuming delay signals approval. “I still think it’s less likely because of the way the laws are written.”  Her remarks reinforce a consistent theme across recent interviews: while tariff authority has expanded in practice, its legal foundation remains vulnerable. What This Signals for Businesses and Trade Partners For importers and multinational companies, the Greenland episode is less about the island itself and more about precedent. If tariffs can be threatened—or imposed—as leverage in unrelated geopolitical disputes, trade risk becomes harder to predict and price. The lack of clarity around both diplomatic outcomes and judicial review amplifies uncertainty, particularly for companies operating across borders or dependent on stable supply chains. Trade policy is no longer driven by economics alone. As tariffs become entwined with geopolitics, executive authority, and unresolved legal challenges, businesses must stay vigilant. Schulz Trade Law helps importers and global companies assess risk, navigate sudden policy shifts, and prepare for rapid changes in the trade landscape. Trade on, but trade informed! Subscribe  to Schulz Trade Law for more updates.

Supreme Court Decision Looms: Billions in Tariff Refunds—and What Happens Next Michelle Schulz explains what’s at stake in the Supreme Court’s pending tariff ruling and how refunds could affect prices. In a follow-up appearance on KXYL Radio , Michelle Schulz, founder and managing partner of Schulz Trade Law , discussed the Supreme Court’s expected ruling on the president’s global “Liberation Day” tariffs. With baseline tariffs affecting nearly every imported product—and billions of dollars already collected—the Court’s decision could trigger widespread refunds, price shifts, and yet another phase of trade-policy uncertainty. January 12, 2026 KXYL Radio Brownwood/Coleman, TX What’s at Stake in the Supreme Court Ruling At the center of the case are the so-called Liberation Day tariffs—baseline 10% tariffs applied broadly to imports from almost every country. “There is a lot at stake… it looks like billions of dollars at stake here for us importers.”  Michelle explained that if the Supreme Court rules in favor of importers, those who paid these tariffs would be entitled to refunds. Because the tariffs apply so broadly, the financial implications extend across nearly every sector of the economy. The Rush to Be First in Line for Refunds Anticipating a favorable ruling, major importers—including Costco—have already filed lawsuits to protect their position in what could become a massive refund process. “A lot of them are saying, ‘I want a refund, and I want to be first in line.’”  Michelle noted that refunds will likely be processed electronically, requiring companies to have accurate import data ready to submit. Even if refunds are ordered immediately, however, the real-world process may be slow. “The refunds should go into effect immediately, but the implementation will take a while… it could be months, if not years.”  What Refunds Could Mean for Consumers For consumers, the outcome matters because current tariffs are directly inflating retail prices. “We have increased tariffs on pretty much anything you might buy at a store like Costco… increasing prices up to 17% on average.”  If importers receive refunds, Michelle expects price relief to follow—at least for goods affected by the challenged tariffs. “If Costco wins, then I believe they will be bringing their prices back down.”  Why Some Tariffs Will Stay No Matter What Not all tariffs are part of the Supreme Court case. Michelle emphasized that sector-specific tariffs—such as those on steel, aluminum, lumber, furniture, and copper—are imposed under different legal authorities and will remain in place regardless of the ruling. “Those sector-specific tariffs are going to stay in place… they’re under a completely different set of rules.”  Even if the Court strikes down the baseline tariffs, the president retains other statutory tools to impose duties, including national security investigations and unfair trade practice laws. “Yes, the other statutes… will all still be available to the President.”  What Comes Next: Executive Orders and New Investigations Michelle warned that trade policy has become increasingly fluid, with frequent executive orders and agency notices replacing slower, more formal processes. “We’re seeing change all the time, and sometimes it’s not as formal.” She highlighted semiconductors as a key area to watch, noting ongoing investigations and growing U.S. manufacturing investment—particularly in Texas—which could lead to new tariffs under national security frameworks. Whether tariffs are refunded, upheld, or reimposed under new authority, uncertainty remains the defining feature of today’s trade environment. Schulz Trade Law helps importers prepare for refunds, navigate executive-order changes, and ensure tariff compliance in real time. Trade on, but trade informed! Subscribe  to Schulz Trade Law for more updates.

Supreme Court Weighs Tariff Authority: What a Ruling Could Mean for Importers Michelle Schulz explains the legal limits of presidential tariff power and what businesses should prepare for now. On This Morning with Gordon Deal , Michelle Schulz , founder and managing partner of Schulz Trade Law, joined the program as the U.S. Supreme Court prepared to issue a potential ruling on the legality of President Trump’s global tariffs. At the center of the case is a fundamental question: can the president impose sweeping tariffs unilaterally under emergency powers, or does that authority rest with Congress? Michelle outlined the legal stakes, possible outcomes, and why importers should focus on what they can control amid uncertainty January 9, 2026 This Morning with Gordon Deal Host: Gordon Deal What the Supreme Court Is Really Deciding Michelle explained that the case hinges on the president’s use of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), a statute traditionally used for export controls and national security—not taxation. “The main question is whether the President has the authority to impose tariffs unilaterally, without Congress, in an emergency situation—and whether this is actually an emergency.”  While the administration argues that trade deficits qualify as an emergency, Michelle noted that the Supreme Court has expressed skepticism, questioning whether this interpretation grants the executive branch power that cannot be meaningfully restrained. “It was giving the President power that we can’t get back… and we should not authorize it.”   What Happens If the President Wins —or Loses If the Court sides with the administration, Michelle warned that importers hoping for refunds will be disappointed. “If the president wins, then all the folks who have been clamoring to prepare to get refunds will be out of luck.”  If the president loses, however, the implications are significant. U.S. Customs and Border Protection would be required to issue refunds for unlawfully collected duties—an enormous administrative task. “If the president loses, then Customs will have to issue refunds… you’re going to see a lot of people coming to Customs requesting refunds.”  Michelle noted that Customs has already begun updating its automated systems, potentially in anticipation of large-scale refund processing. Why a Loss Wouldn’t End Tariffs Altogether Even if the Supreme Court strikes down the IEEPA-based tariffs, Michelle cautioned that this would not mark the end of tariffs as a policy tool. The administration retains multiple alternative authorities. “He has other options, and he’s using those options already.” These include tariffs imposed under national security statutes (such as steel and aluminum) and unfair trade practice provisions like Section 301. New investigations—particularly into sectors such as semiconductors—could quickly lead to additional duties under different legal frameworks. What Importers Should Be Doing Right Now With outcomes uncertain, Michelle emphasized focusing on fundamentals that are fully within an importer’s control. “Make sure you have everything correct… getting your value and your tariff code correct is something you can be working on now to make sure you’re not overpaying by accident.”  Accurate classification, valuation, and compliance can prevent unnecessary overpayment regardless of how the Court rules. Whether tariffs are upheld, overturned, or reimposed under new authority, trade compliance mistakes can be costly. Schulz Trade Law helps importers navigate uncertainty, prepare for potential refunds, and ensure duties are calculated correctly in a rapidly changing trade environment. Contact us to learn how we can help. Trade on, but trade informed! Subscribe  to Schulz Trade Law for more updates.

In today's global marketplace, products often cross multiple borders before reaching consumers. This complexity makes understanding the legal aspects of origin crucial for businesses, regulators, and consumers alike. The origin of a product can affect tariffs, trade agreements, labeling requirements, and even consumer trust. This article explores the key legal considerations surrounding the origin of goods, providing practical insights and examples to help you navigate this intricate area. Schulz Trade Law offers Country of Origin services. Legal Aspects of Origin : Why They Matter The legal aspects of origin determine how a product is classified under international trade laws. This classification impacts duties, taxes, and compliance with trade agreements. For example, a product labeled as "Made in Country A" might benefit from lower tariffs under a free trade agreement between Country A and the importing country. Conversely, incorrect origin labeling can lead to penalties, fines, or even seizure of goods. Understanding these legal aspects involves several factors: Rules of Origin (RoO):   These are the criteria used to define where a product was made. They can be based on where the product was wholly obtained or where a substantial transformation occurred. Customs Compliance:   Customs authorities require accurate origin information to apply the correct tariffs and enforce trade policies. Labeling Requirements:   Many countries have strict rules about how the origin must be displayed on packaging and marketing materials. Trade Agreements:   Preferential trade agreements often include specific origin rules to qualify for reduced tariffs. Businesses must stay informed about these legal frameworks to avoid costly mistakes and to leverage trade benefits effectively. Customs officer checking product origin labels Key Legal Considerations in Determining Origin Determining the origin of a product is not always straightforward. Legal frameworks vary by country and product type, but some common principles apply: Wholly Obtained Products: These are products entirely produced or extracted in one country, such as minerals, agricultural products, or live animals. Substantial Transformation: If a product is made from materials sourced in multiple countries, the origin is usually the country where the last substantial transformation occurred. This means the place where the product underwent a significant manufacturing process that changed its nature or character. Value-Added Criteria: Some rules require that a certain percentage of the product's value must be added in the country claiming origin. Specific Processing Rules: Certain products have unique rules, such as textiles or electronics, which specify particular manufacturing steps that determine origin. For businesses, it is essential to document the production process and maintain records that prove compliance with these rules. Failure to do so can result in legal disputes or loss of preferential tariff treatment. What is an example of country of origin? Example: Consider a pair of shoes assembled in Country B using leather sourced from Country A and rubber soles from Country C . The question arises: which country is the origin? If the assembly in Country B significantly changes the product (e.g., cutting, stitching, and finishing the shoes), Country B may be considered the origin under the substantial transformation rule. If the value added in Country B meets the required threshold, this further supports Country B as the origin. However, if the rules specify that the origin must be where the leather was tanned ( Country A ) or where the soles were manufactured ( Country C ), the determination could differ. This example highlights the importance of understanding specific legal rules and consulting trade experts to ensure accurate origin claims. Shoe assembly line showing production process Practical Recommendations for Businesses To navigate the legal aspects of origin effectively, businesses should adopt the following best practices: Conduct a Thorough Origin Analysis: Review the production process and materials to determine the correct origin under applicable rules. Maintain Detailed Documentation: Keep records of sourcing, manufacturing steps, and value added to support origin claims. Stay Updated on Trade Agreements: Monitor changes in trade policies and agreements that may affect origin rules. Train Staff and Partners: Ensure that employees and supply chain partners understand origin requirements and compliance procedures. Use Legal Expertise: Consult with trade law professionals to interpret complex rules and resolve disputes. By implementing these steps, companies can reduce risks, optimize tariff benefits, and build trust with customers through transparent labeling. The Impact of Origin on Consumer Perception and Market Access Beyond legal compliance, the origin of a product i nfluences consumer behavior and market access . Many consumers associate certain countries with quality, craftsmanship, or ethical standards. For example, " Made in Italy " might evoke luxury and style, while " Made in Germany " may suggest engineering excellence. From a market access perspective, some countries restrict imports based on origin for political or economic reasons. Sanctions, embargoes, or anti-dumping measures often target products from specific countries. Accurate origin determination helps businesses avoid prohibited markets and comply with international sanctions. Moreover, origin labeling can be a marketing tool. Transparent and truthful origin information can enhance brand reputation and customer loyalty. Navigating Disputes and Enforcement Disputes over origin claims can arise between importers, exporters, and customs authorities. Common issues include: Incorrect or misleading origin labels. Disagreements over the substantial transformation criteria. Challenges in proving compliance with value-added requirements. Enforcement agencies may conduct audits, request documentation, or impose penalties for violations. To mitigate these risks, companies should: Perform internal audits of origin compliance. Respond promptly to customs inquiries. Engage legal counsel when disputes arise. Consider alternative dispute resolution mechanisms. Understanding the enforcement landscape helps businesses prepare for potential challenges and protect their interests. Final Thoughts on Legal Aspects of Origin The legal aspects of origin are a critical component of international trade. They affect tariffs, compliance, consumer trust, and market access. By understanding the rules and maintaining rigorous documentation, businesses can navigate this complex area with confidence. For more detailed information on the country of origin and its legal implications, consulting specialized resources and legal experts is highly recommended. Staying informed and proactive ensures that your business remains competitive and compliant in the global marketplace. Resource Library Learn more about Trade Law. We have a series of articles highlighting the key components of international trade and compliance. Contact Us Stay ahead of trade law changes! Contact us today for guidance on tariffs and regulations to safeguard your business.

Why Prices Keep Rising: Tariffs, Stacked Costs, and the New Reality for Consumers Michelle Schulz explains how baseline tariffs and stacked duties are driving higher prices—from holiday gifts to cars. In a recent interview on KMOX Radio in St. Louis, Michelle Schulz , founder and managing partner of Schulz Trade Law , joined hosts to explain why consumers are paying more across nearly every product category. From holiday shopping to electronics and automobiles, Michelle outlined how broad-based tariffs —many of which apply regardless of country of origin— are quietly reshaping prices and leaving consumers with fewer goods for more money. December 23, 2025 KMOX Radio St. Louis Hosts: The Chris and Amy Show Baseline Tariffs and Why Everything Costs More Michelle explained that today’s price increases aren’t limited to a handful of imports or countries. Instead, nearly all imported goods are now subject to a baseline tariff—often starting at 10%—with no minimum value threshold. “Imported items have really resulted in hyped-up prices… there’s no minimum, so it doesn’t matter what you’re buying—it might be subject to a tariff.”  Even when individual tariffs are paused or adjusted, importers must price goods based on risk and uncertainty. As a result, consumers see higher prices regardless of whether a specific tariff is currently active. Which Products Are Being Hit the Hardest Certain categories have seen especially sharp increases. Kitchen goods, electronics, clothing, and shoes are among the most affected, with tariffs stacking on top of one another depending on product components and materials. “Kitchen goods are up about 38%, electronics about 34%, and clothes and shoes are going up at least 20%.”  Michelle noted that electronics often face multiple layers of duties—base tariffs plus additional tariffs on metals like aluminum, steel, and copper—compounding costs long before products reach store shelves. These increases are already showing up in major consumer purchases such as gaming consoles, appliances, and household electronics. Confusion, Classification, and Why Prices Rarely Come Back Down One challenge for both businesses and consumers is that tariffs are rarely itemized at checkout. Many companies fold tariff costs into pricing without disclosing them, making it difficult to track what’s driving increases. “There are different tariffs by product… every product is categorized by a Harmonized Tariff code, and tariffs can stack upon each other.”  Michelle also addressed whether prices are likely to fall. While some consumers hope reduced demand will force price corrections, she sees a different pattern emerging. “People are spending more, but they’re just coming away with less.”  Meaningful relief, she noted, would likely require court intervention—specifically a ruling by the Supreme Court of the United States on the legality of the broad emergency-based tariffs currently in place. Beyond Retail: Cars, Equipment, and Long-Term Impact Tariffs aren’t just affecting consumer goods. Michelle highlighted rising vehicle prices, increased scrutiny at customs, and reduced demand for new agricultural and industrial equipment. “Tariffs are directly impacting the price of cars… people don’t want the new ones—they want the old, cheaper ones.”  As costs rise, businesses and consumers alike are delaying purchases, repairing older equipment, and adjusting expectations—signals of longer-term economic distortion rather than short-term price spikes. Tariffs are no longer an abstract trade issue —they affect pricing, purchasing power, and business planning across the economy. If your company imports goods and needs clarity on tariff exposure, classification, or cost-reduction strategies, Schulz Trade Law can help you navigate today’s trade landscape with precision and foresight. Trade on, but trade informed! Subscribe to Schulz Trade Law for more updates. About Us We are a dedicated team of trade law professionals, committed to helping businesses navigate the complexities of international regulations and tariffs. With deep industry knowledge and a client-first approach, we provide clear, actionable insights to protect your interests and drive success in a dynamic global market. Contact Us Contact Us Stay ahead of trade law changes! Contact us today for guidance on tariffs and regulations to safeguard your business.

When dealing with international trade, imports, exports, or product labeling, understanding the origin country legal definition is crucial. This concept affects tariffs, customs duties, consumer protection, and compliance with trade agreements. In this article, we will explore the legal framework surrounding the origin country, clarify its meaning, and provide practical examples and recommendations to help businesses and individuals navigate this complex area. Schulz Trade Law offers Country of Origin services. What Does Origin Country Legal Definition Mean? The origin country legal definition refers to the official criteria used to determine the country where a product was manufactured, produced, or substantially transformed. This definition is essential for customs authorities, importers, exporters, and regulators to apply the correct tariffs, enforce trade policies, and ensure transparency for consumers. Legal definitions of origin vary depending on the jurisdiction and the specific trade agreement or regulation involved. For example, the World Trade Organization (WTO) provides general guidelines, but individual countries may have their own rules. The origin can be based on: The place where the product was wholly obtained or produced. The country where the last substantial transformation occurred. Specific value-added thresholds or manufacturing processes. Understanding these criteria helps businesses avoid penalties, reduce costs, and maintain compliance with international trade laws. Key Legal Considerations in Determining Origin Country Several legal aspects influence how the origin country is determined and applied in practice. These include: 1. Tariff Classification and Duties The origin country affects the tariffs imposed on imported goods. Products from countries with free trade agreements (FTAs) may benefit from reduced or zero tariffs. Conversely, goods from countries without such agreements might face higher duties. 2. Labeling and Consumer Protection Many countries require products to be labeled with their origin to inform consumers. Mislabeling can lead to fines, recalls, or damage to brand reputation. 3. Trade Agreements and Preferential Treatment Trade agreements often include specific rules of origin to qualify for preferential treatment. These rules define how much of a product must be made in a particular country to benefit from reduced tariffs. 4. Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Measures Origin determination is critical in applying anti-dumping duties or countervailing measures to protect domestic industries from unfair competition. 5. Intellectual Property and Geographical Indications Certain products, like wines or cheeses, have protected geographical indications tied to their origin, which must be respected legally. Understanding these legal considerations helps businesses plan their supply chains and marketing strategies effectively. What is an example of country of origin ? To illustrate, consider a pair of shoes assembled in Vietnam using leather sourced from Italy and rubber soles made in China. Determining the origin country depends on the applicable legal rules: If the last substantial transformation is assembly, Vietnam may be considered the origin. If the value added in Vietnam is minimal, the origin might be Italy or China, depending on the component's significance. Under certain trade agreements, specific manufacturing steps or value thresholds must be met for Vietnam to qualify as the origin. This example shows how complex origin determination can be and why understanding the legal definition is vital for compliance and cost management. Practical Recommendations for Businesses Navigating the legal aspects of origin country requires careful attention and proactive measures. Here are some actionable tips: Consult Legal Experts Engage trade law specialists to interpret origin rules relevant to your products and markets. Maintain Detailed Documentation Keep records of manufacturing processes, sourcing, and value added to support origin claims. Understand Trade Agreements Study the rules of origin in applicable FTAs to maximize tariff benefits. Train Staff Educate your supply chain and compliance teams on origin requirements and labeling standards. Use Technology Implement software solutions to track product components and origin data efficiently. Regularly Review Compliance Monitor changes in trade laws and update your practices accordingly. By following these steps, businesses can reduce risks, optimize costs, and build trust with customers and regulators. Navigating the Complexities of Country of Origin in International Trade The concept of country of origin is more than just a label on a product. It carries significant legal weight that impacts tariffs, trade policies, and consumer rights. Understanding the origin country legal definition helps businesses comply with regulations, benefit from trade agreements, and avoid costly disputes. Whether you are importing electronics, exporting textiles, or labeling food products, knowing how to determine and document the origin country is essential. Stay informed, seek expert advice, and implement robust compliance systems to navigate this complex but critical aspect of global commerce successfully. Resource Library Learn more about Trade Law. We have a series of articles highlighting the key components of international trade and compliance. Contact Us Stay ahead of trade law changes! Contact us today for guidance on tariffs and regulations to safeguard your business.

Tariff Refund Lawsuits, Supreme Court Uncertainty, and What Importers Should Do Now Michelle Schulz explains the latest tariff litigation and why timing matters for billions in potential refunds. In a recent interview on KXYL Radio in Brownwood–Coleman, Texas, Michelle Schulz , founder and managing partner of Schulz Trade Law , unpacked a rapidly developing legal battle over U.S. tariffs. With major retailers seeking to preserve their rights to refunds—and courts signaling potential skepticism toward the legality of sweeping tariffs—importers are facing both risk and opportunity. Michelle broke down what the recent court rulings mean, why refunds may still be possible , and how companies should prepare now. December 18, 2025 KXYL Radio Brownwood/Coleman, Texas Hosts: Celinda Hawkins and J.R. Williams Why Companies Sued Over Tariffs —and Why the Court Said No Michelle explained that a group of major importers recently filed suit in the U.S. Court of International Trade, asking for an injunction to stop U.S. Customs from finalizing tariff calculations—a process known as liquidation . Their goal was simple: preserve the ability to receive refunds quickly if the tariffs are later ruled unlawful. The court denied that request. While companies can still pursue refunds, the ruling means Customs will continue finalizing duties, forcing importers into a longer, more complex refund process if the tariffs are overturned. “Not even close—this would be massive compared to prior tariff actions, because it applies to virtually any product and almost any country.”  Supreme Court Review and the $130 Billion Question According to Michelle, the stakes are enormous. A recent Department of Justice filing indicated that roughly $130 billion  in tariffs has already been collected. If the Supreme Court of the United States ultimately finds the tariffs unlawful—as some legal observers expect—importers will need to file formal protests and refund requests after the fact. That process can take months or even years. Michelle noted that while the lawsuits aimed to speed things up, their denial may actually slow the return of funds across the board. “If the Supreme Court decides that these tariffs are unlawful, importers who have paid billions altogether in tariffs are going to have to go back through an entire process to protest and request refunds.”  What Importers Can Do Right Now Despite the uncertainty, Michelle emphasized that businesses are not powerless. Her firm is actively reviewing how clients classify and value their imports—areas where technical errors can quietly cost companies millions. In one case, correcting valuation methodology alone resulted in substantial duty savings. Whether or not the tariffs are struck down, careful compliance, proper valuation, and strategic planning can significantly reduce exposure and improve cash flow. Tariff uncertainty isn’t just a policy issue—it’s a financial one. If your company imports goods and is concerned about overpaid duties, delayed refunds, or compliance risk, now is the time to act. Schulz Trade Law helps importers prepare for refunds, reduce tariff exposure, and navigate complex trade regulations with confidence. Trade on, but trade informed! Subscribe to Schulz Trade Law for more updates. About Us We are a dedicated team of trade law professionals, committed to helping businesses navigate the complexities of international regulations and tariffs. With deep industry knowledge and a client-first approach, we provide clear, actionable insights to protect your interests and drive success in a dynamic global market. Contact Us Contact Us Stay ahead of trade law changes! Contact us today for guidance on tariffs and regulations to safeguard your business.

Tariffs Are Shrinking Holiday Shopping Lists Michelle Schulz discusses rising consumer costs on KCBS Radio As the holiday season approaches, many consumers are discovering that their shopping lists are shorter than usual—not by choice, but by necessity. In a recent KCBS Radio  segment, Michelle Schulz , founder and managing partner of Schulz Trade Law, explained how tariffs are playing a major role in driving up prices on everyday goods, particularly during peak gift-buying season. According to Michelle, importers across the country are feeling the pressure as tariffs add anywhere from 10% to as much as 38% to certain product categories. These added costs don’t stay at the border—they move through the supply chain and ultimately land with businesses and consumers alike. December 16, 2025 KCBS Radio San Francisco Reporter: Cathy Whitman Which Products Are Most Affected? Michelle highlighted several categories that are seeing especially sharp increases, including electronics, clothing, shoes, and toys. Footwear vendors, in particular, are struggling to maintain margins, as higher import costs make it difficult to price products at levels consumers can afford. Toys are also heavily impacted, with any toy imported from China subject to increased tariffs—and even toys from Europe now facing tariffs around 15%. Why China Matters So Much Most toys, electronics, and holiday decorations sold in the United States are manufactured in China. That concentration means tariff changes disproportionately affect seasonal goods. While some larger companies may be able to adjust by shifting suppliers or sourcing components from different countries, many small and mid-sized importers lack the flexibility to make those changes quickly. What This Means for Businesses and Consumers The result is a squeeze felt on both sides of the counter: businesses absorb what costs they can, and consumers pay more—or buy less. As Michelle noted, tariffs are no longer a narrow trade issue ; they are shaping purchasing behavior and business strategy nationwide. Understanding how tariffs apply to your products is essential for managing risk and staying competitive. Schulz Trade Law works with importers to navigate complex trade regulations and identify compliant strategies to mitigate tariff exposure. If rising import costs impact your business, contact Schulz Trade Law to learn how we can help you plan ahead. Trade on, but trade informed! Subscribe to Schulz Trade Law for more updates. About Us We are a dedicated team of trade law professionals, committed to helping businesses navigate the complexities of international regulations and tariffs. With deep industry knowledge and a client-first approach, we provide clear, actionable insights to protect your interests and drive success in a dynamic global market. Contact Us Contact Us Stay ahead of trade law changes! Contact us today for guidance on tariffs and regulations to safeguard your business.

Tariffs, Toys, and the Real Cost to Consumers Why Your Holiday Shopping Costs More: Michelle Schulz on Tariffs and Trade Policy Trade attorney Michelle Schulz , founder of Schulz Trade Law, explains how tariffs are quietly reshaping prices on everything from toys to electronics. December 16, 2025 Wisconsin's Afternoon News WTMJ Radio, Milwaukee Host:  Julia Fello In a recent radio interview on WTMJ in Milwaukee, Michelle Schulz , founder and managing partner of Schulz Trade Law , joined hosts to discuss a question many consumers are asking this season: Why does everything cost more?   Drawing on her experience advising importers and manufacturers across industries, Michelle broke down how current U.S. tariff policy—particularly broad-based duties affecting imports from China and other countries—is driving up prices on everyday goods, with ripple effects felt by businesses and consumers alike. Why Holiday Gifts Are Getting More Expensive Michelle explained that tariffs are significantly increasing the cost of commonly imported goods, including toys, electronics, clothing, furniture, and household items. Many products are now subject to a baseline tariff of at least 10%, with additional duties layered on depending on the product category. For example, clothing prices are up roughly 20% on average, while toys have seen increases closer to 17%—costs that ultimately land on consumers’ checkout receipts. Why China Remains at the Center of the Tariff Conversation The interview highlighted that the vast majority of toys and holiday decorations are still manufactured in China. While some higher tariffs have been temporarily paused, numerous others—such as steel and aluminum tariffs—remain in effect. According to Michelle, this “across-the-board” approach is far more impactful than the more targeted measures seen during earlier trade disputes, intensifying pressure on companies that rely on Chinese manufacturing and deepening trade tensions overall. “Anything from China or any other country is going to have at least a 10% baseline tariff, and then you add others on top of that.” Are Any Industries Spared? Not Really. While no sector is truly immune, Michelle noted that some large pharmaceutical companies have managed to reduce tariff exposure by investing in U.S.-based manufacturing. These strategic moves can sometimes influence trade outcomes—but smaller companies often lack the capital to pivot in the same way. As a result, tariffs disproportionately affect small and mid-sized businesses, increasing costs and, in some cases, threatening their long-term viability. “It has been vastly more impactful on companies, and all the way down to the consumer.” Tariffs are not just a policy issue —they are a business reality. If your company imports goods, sources materials globally, or is facing rising costs tied to trade regulations, Schulz Trade Law can help you understand your exposure and identify compliant strategies to reduce risk. Contact us today to schedule a consultation and protect your bottom line. Trade on, but trade informed! Subscribe to Schulz Trade Law for more updates. About Us We are a dedicated team of trade law professionals, committed to helping businesses navigate the complexities of international regulations and tariffs. With deep industry knowledge and a client-first approach, we provide clear, actionable insights to protect your interests and drive success in a dynamic global market. Contact Us Contact Us Stay ahead of trade law changes! Contact us today for guidance on tariffs and regulations to safeguard your business.

Tariffs, Refund Races, and the Growing Cost of Trade Uncertainty Michelle Schulz breaks down refund lawsuits, Supreme Court risk, and why tariffs aren’t delivering their promised results. In a wide-ranging interview on WLW Radio ’s Scott Sloan Show, Michelle Schulz , founder and managing partner of Schulz Trade Law, discussed the growing legal and economic fallout from U.S. tariff policy. With billions of dollars already collected, major companies racing to secure refund rights, and farmers and importers absorbing long-term damage, Michelle explained why the current tariff regime is creating uncertainty rather than leverage—and what businesses should be doing now. December 17, 2025 WLW Radio Cincinnati Hosts: Scott Sloan The Race for Refunds and a Legal Bottleneck As tariffs continue to generate massive revenue, large companies such as Costco, Revlon, and Ray-Ban have moved quickly to preserve their ability to receive refunds if the tariffs are ultimately struck down. These companies sought to block U.S. Customs from finalizing duty calculations—known as liquidation—to speed up repayment. That effort failed. The U.S. Court of International Trade denied a consolidated motion to delay liquidation, setting the stage for a much longer refund process if the tariffs are overturned. “If all that has to be refunded, then it does have to be refunded—but we’re going to have to go through a long process to get that money back.” Michelle warned that even if refunds are legally required, administrative reality means companies could wait months or years to recover billions already paid. Supreme Court Uncertainty and a $130 Billion Problem The potential scale of refunds is unprecedented. According to filings referenced in the interview, roughly $130 billion  in tariffs has already been collected—and that number continues to grow. Michelle noted that while the Supreme Court of the United States initially expressed skepticism about the legality of these tariffs, the outcome is no longer predictable. “In the beginning, I thought it was pretty likely the Supreme Court would strike them down… but the more I read and follow the government’s reactions, I think it could go either way.”  If the Court invalidates the tariffs after liquidation occurs, importers will still be entitled to refunds—but only through a formal protest process that Customs is historically slow to administer. Why Tariffs Aren’t Working —and Who’s Paying the Price Michelle also addressed whether tariffs are achieving their stated goals, particularly with respect to China. The data suggests otherwise: China’s trade surplus continues to grow as it expands exports to other regions, while U.S. importers and farmers absorb higher costs and retaliatory losses. “Relative to China, we can see that the tariffs really aren’t having the intended effect… China seems to be fine.”  Farmers face a double burden: higher import costs for equipment and lost export markets due to retaliation. Subsidy checks, Michelle noted, do little to offset structural damage or restore lost demand. At the same time, U.S. companies are increasingly viewed as unreliable trading partners, as sudden tariffs, price renegotiations, and policy reversals undermine long-term relationships abroad. What Importers Can Do Now Despite the uncertainty, Michelle emphasized that businesses still have meaningful opportunities to reduce exposure. Reviewing tariff classifications, country-of-origin determinations, and—especially—customs valuation can uncover significant overpayments. “We’ve had importers overpaying because they were overvaluing their goods… sometimes it’s a technicality, but that technicality matters.” Tariff uncertainty isn’t going away—but overpayment doesn’t have to be inevitable. If your company imports goods and is concerned about duties, refunds, or compliance risk, Schulz Trade Law can help you identify savings, prepare for potential refunds, and navigate trade complexity with confidence. Trade on, but trade informed! Subscribe to Schulz Trade Law for more updates. About Us We are a dedicated team of trade law professionals, committed to helping businesses navigate the complexities of international regulations and tariffs. With deep industry knowledge and a client-first approach, we provide clear, actionable insights to protect your interests and drive success in a dynamic global market. Contact Us Contact Us Stay ahead of trade law changes! Contact us today for guidance on tariffs and regulations to safeguard your business.